The college essay: 2020

Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Unbroken Essay Essay Example

Whole Essay Paper Whole Essay Unbroken is a verifiable book composed by Laura Hildebrand. Solid is about Lieu Simpering, an Italian American that lives in Torrance, California, destined to be an Olympic miler and bombardier of the flying corps. He was conceived in January 26, 1 917, at 5 years of age, Lieu would smoke cigarettes while strolling to kindergarten, and at 8 years of age he would begin drinking. He had an extremely problematic adolescence; he would take around his neighborhood and would eat whatever was consumable. He would be harassed in light of the fact that he was a little child hen his father showed him how to battle in this way, at that point he began starting quarrel yet he generally respected his more established sibling Pete. One day when Lieu was discovered sneaking individuals in to a ball game by utilizing his home key (he discovered theres a 1/50 possibility of a fitting a key to any bolt), was later nearly suspended by the head and was not, at this point ready to take an interest in any game or school movement. Pete asked to the rule to let Lieu take an interest in a game wherein later Pete persuaded Lieu to join track and discovered he was acceptable at running yet Lieu didnt like running in this way, he did it for the adulation. Pete began instructing Lieu and he initiated to break records and earned the epithet Torrance Tornado. Lieu partook in an Olympic 5000 qualifier and lost however notwithstanding the misfortune he got welcome to the last of the Olympic in NY. He had the option to contend in the Berlin Olympics of 1936 despite the fact that he put in second spot in the finals in a completion so close, Lieu later stated, you couldnt put a hair be;men us. We will compose a custom paper test on Unbroken Essay explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Unbroken Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Unbroken Essay explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer While missing seventh spot he intrigues the crowd and meets Hitler who says, Ah, youre the kid with the quick completion. What was so noteworthy was his sat lap which broke record his last time, 14:46. 8, was by a wide margin the quickest 5000 run by any American in 1 936, right around 12 seconds quicker than Lashs best for the year. Lieu got in a tough situation with the Nazis when he needed to accept the Nazi banner as a keepsake and later answered that he needed a gift of the cheerful time he had in delightful Germany so they let him proceed to let him take the banner. At the point when the press needed to catch wind of Louses experience he had 2 adaptations of how he got the banner in one form, Hitler himself had permitted him to keep the banner. In another, Lieu had hidden the banner so cunningly that it was rarely found. He had done everything, went the story, to win the core of a young lady. After the Olympics were done the Olympic Village was changed into a military sleeping shelter. Returning from the Olympics Lieu went to the University of Southern California, warming up to Jimmie Assai, who was later discovered as a Japanese government operative/war criminal whose endeavors to go as an understudy were obviously an intricate stratagem. Lieu was anticipating the following Olympics yet was later dropped due to World War II. In 1941, Lieu joined the Army Corps, yet drops out later on. Be that as it may, Lieu doesnt read the papers Of acquiescence from the Air corps to discover later in the wake of marking he had consented to rejoin them so he turned into a bombardier. Mites aircrew was comprised of Phillips, brief co-pilot net, Simpering, Mitchell, Douglas, Pillsbury, Clansman, Monster, Lambert, and Brooked. They were an exceptionally skilled team and their first strategic was likewise fruitful was on Wake Atoll. After the skirmish of Naira, a portion of the men endure an assault on their base on Funfair. Their first plane was called superman however was later unfit to work after contact by around zeros where 2 crew members kicked the bucket from seeping in the skull and another from being shot. Their plane after Superman was Green Hornet which wasnt airworthy, had new group individuals and had motor disappointments more than 200 miles from base and made them crash and accordingly just Lieu, Mac, and Phil endure. They floated in the Pacific Ocean for 46 days. The main day Mac froze and ate the entirety of the food proportions. They made due on the winged animals to use as snare and now and then food when they didnt get any pilot fish. When kicking the bucket of thirst Lieu appealed to god and guaranteed, If god would extinguish their thirst, he promised, hed devote his life to him. Downpour would fall the following day. Before arriving at land Mac kicked the bucket and the Japanese Ana caught them. The Japanese didnt advise America regarding the catch of Lieu. They let Lieu and Phillip recuperate in an emergency clinic then they Were moved to a detainee camp where they thought they would be executed. Since Lieu was a well known Olympic sprinter, he was given brutal treatment by the gatekeepers. He was sent to a camp in Tokyo where he got custom treatment from Mouthier Wattage a. K. A The Bird. A Japanese disseminator needed to utilize Lieu to make expert Japanese communicates to America at that point was rebuffed for can't. The men were totally cut off from updates on the war until the gatekeepers let them go when the war was finished. Lieu was sent to a medical clinic to acknowledge later that he could never run again. At the point when Lieu at last got back home their family were happy to see their once little Lieu was well alive however didn't know about his OPTS until during a homecoming he began having flashbacks and spit at any individual that looked Japanese. He had bad dreams when the Bird was beating him. In the wake of meeting Cynthia for about fourteen days he chose to approach her for marriage. Lieu turned into a hard consumer and tragically Cynthia needed a separation. Cynthia has a strict arousing and chooses to not document a separation in the wake of meeting Billy Graham. Cynthia figured out how to persuade Lieu to go to a Billy Grahams lesson. Lieu recollects the day with Phillip where he vows to god, in the event that he spared them, he would serve god until the end of time. Lieu quits drinking, quits having bad dreams, pardons The Bird, began giving talks and showing up to tell his undertakings.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

SOPA and PIPA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SOPA and PIPA - Essay Example egislation increasingly worthy to the innovation network, content ventures ought to have planned the enactment so as to not raise worries about its capacity to control legal action. Content enterprises ought to likewise have guaranteed that the enactment doesn't take steps to upset the basic design of the Internet particularly in light of the fact that the enactment would expel a whole area. These enterprises would have made the enactment progressively satisfactory to the innovation network by permitting focused on destinations additional time (than five days) to present their interests. This would give them sufficient opportunity to safeguard themselves before losing the site and income (Blakeney 45). The cash that robbery gives innovation organizations is a great deal and this will make it hard for the innovation network to help controls on theft. Numerous web clients like the comfort with which they can get a few materials from theft locales and that is the reason they wouldn't fret paying a great many cash so as to continue getting to those materials. Innovation organizations rake in tons of cash from promoting systems that advertise robbery materials. They will likewise dismiss robbery checks since they rake in tons of cash from giving connects to destinations that run theft business (Blakeney

Friday, August 21, 2020

Strategic Framework Understanding Blue Ocean Strategy

Strategic Framework Understanding Blue Ocean Strategy © Shutterstock.com | VAZZENIn this article, we will look at 1) what is a blue ocean strategy? 2) understanding the blue ocean strategy, 3) how to apply the blue ocean strategy to your business, and 4) examples.WHAT IS THE BLUE OCEAN STRATEGYThe term blue ocean was coined by two professors W.Chan Kim and Renee Mauborgne in their book titled Blue Ocean Strategy: How to Create Uncontested Market Space and the Make Competition Irrelevant (2005).The authors present the idea of a business being able to operate in a league of its own, without intense competition. The company is able to set its own pace to create, sell and profit from unique products and services in high potential new markets. The blue ocean is taken as a metaphor to represent these industries that may offer greater opportunity or higher profit potential. This is the goal of any blue ocean strategy, to search for and gain uncontested market space instead of engaging in traditional competition. © Flickr | Sacha ChuaUNDERSTANDING BLUE OCEAN STRATEGYThe authors use the terms blue oceans and red oceans to describe the entire market universe.Red Oceans ExplainedThe authors describe red oceans as the existing industries in a known market space. Companies face cutthroat competition within defined and accepted industry boundaries. The rules of this competition are known by all parties involved and the aim is to beat the competition in order to acquire a greater share of the market. Red oceans become crowded, reducing the potential for profits and growth and turning products into commodities. The term red oceans comes from the idea that the terrible competition turns the ocean bloody.Blue Oceans ExplainedOn the other hand, a blue ocean is a metaphor for those industries that may not exist or are not known about. This unknown space is not tainted with competition and demand has to be created here and not fought over. The opportunity for growth and profitability is ample and rapid. The rules of competition and operation have yet to be clearly defined and this renders competition irrelevant. So, in other words the blue ocean is a wider, deeper and unexplored market space with untapped potential.Blue Oceans vs. Red OceansThe authors Kim and Mauborgne present the arguments that red oceans strategies though necessary, are not enough to sustain high performance. Instead, for a company to achieve long term success, there need to be steps taken beyond the traditional red ocean strategy. For this to happen, companies need to go beyond competing with each other to take hold of new profit and growth opportunities that can be used to create blue oceans for their business.The red ocean strategy takes a structuralist view of the market where all parties accept predefined structures within an industry and continue to compete within these. To sustain this competition, companies focus on building advantages over their competition. All gains are at the loss of another company and wealth is captured and redistributed instead of being created. As a result, wealth becomes increasingly limited.The blue ocean strategy is a reconstructionist view of the market where no accepted boundaries or structure is present. The structure can be created or recreated by the steps taken by players in the market. Strategy and thinking is not limited by preconceived barriers, and a shift happens from a focus on the supply side to a focus on the demand side. Value innovation takes precedence over competing blindly with a simultaneous focus on differentiation and cost effectiveness. An emphasis on the demand side of the market leads to further wealth creation with high potential for payoffs.HistoryIn 2005, W. Chan Kim and Renee Mauborgne published their book titled the Blue Ocean Strategy. The two are professors at INSEAD and co-directors of the INSEAD Blue Ocean Strategy Institute. Using a study of 150 strategic moves over a period of more than a hundred years and in thirty in dustries, the two posit that the key to success is not a constant battle with the competition but instead the creation of blue oceans in uncontested market space.According to Kim and Mauborgne, the move to blue oceans helps create a leap in value for the company, its employees and its customers as well as identifying new demand and making the need for competition irrelevant. A key aspect of the Blue Ocean Strategy is the concept of value innovation which as originally presented by the two authors in the 1997 article Value Innovation The Strategic Logic of High Growth (HBR 75: 103-112). This concept is the simultaneous pursuit of both differentiation and low cost, which in turns results in value for all parties involved, including the company and the customer.Along with the theory, the book presents tools and frameworks to help an organization create and capture blue oceans in a systematic manner.LimitationsThough the theory and its tools and frameworks provide value input to the st rategic process, there are some risks associated with taking the strategy too far:Ignoring Competition As the strategy advises, the main idea is to create and uncontested market space to make competition irrelevant. Though sound advice in practice this may put managers at risk for ignoring relevant competition. Many managers and entrepreneurs already believe their product to be unique and above the other there may be substitutes or alternates meeting the same need.Drifting too Far Another risk is for a company to get too carried away in their out of the box thinking and forget their own strengths, beliefs and mission. This may led them to drift too far from their core strengths, risking failure.Reinventing the Wheel Many of the tools in the repertoire of the blue ocean strategy encourage a company to benchmark against the dominant players in an industry. This thinking may lead a company to overlook the less dominant but more promising and emerging players who can grow to become a challenge. An uncontested market created based on such an analysis may already be populated by other small fish.Not finding any Fish One more potential risk is that on reaching a blue ocean, a company realizes that it was vacant for a reason. There may simply not be a market viable enough to sustain the company long term. The strategy assumes marketing success of value innovation. However, this may not be achievable by a company and they may not be able to harness the nascent blue ocean.HOW TO APPLY BLUE OCEAN STRATEGY TO YOUR BUSINESSThe Blue Ocean Strategy book itself offers a variety of tools and frameworks for a company to be able to systematically achieve blue ocean success. We will look at two of these briefly along with some practical use tips.The Blue Ocean Strategy Tools â€" Strategy CanvasThis tool serves as both a diagnostic aid and an action framework for creating blue ocean strategies. On a graph, the horizontal axis depicts a range of factors that a company competes on while the vertical axis shows the offering level received by the buyers. The tool is used to:Understand and analyze the current situation in the market space and understand what factors are a basis for competition and investmentInitiate action by refocusing on alternatives rather than competitors and on noncustomers from customers.The Blue Ocean Strategy Tools â€" Four Actions FrameworkThe four actions framework is used to add new values to the strategic canvas value curve. The four actions taken here are:Create Here, the idea is to create new industry factors that can generate value and anew market and were not offered before.Reduce Here, the idea is to reduce any of those factors which were nothing more than a consequence of the competition between industry players to differentiate themselves.Eliminate In this step, the idea is to identify those factors which have been the basis of industry competition for a long time.Raise Finally, the idea is to identify those factors tha t need to be raised above where they are in the industry at present.Practical Use TipsOne way to approach the Blue Ocean Strategy is to consider it as a process innovation. To be able to provide customers with value innovations (both differentiation and low cost), a company needs to approach process innovation in a new way. From this process perspective, there are six important steps to using the Blue Ocean Strategy.Reconstruct Market Boundaries In order to consider the industry from a new perspective and challenge existing boundaries, a company can begin by asking itself where the process start for the customer and where does it end. This can help lead the way to expanded value chains as well as completely new markets.Focus on the Big Picture Instead of getting caught up in numbers and statistics, the company needs to keep an eye on the overall big picture. There is always danger of getting lost in data and missing the direction the company is headed towards. The focus should rem ain on what the customers really need and how this can be provided successfully.Reach Beyond Existing Demand A normal business practice is to keep a focus on current customers and a consequent focus on greater market segmentation. The true growth potential is beyond these existing customers to where potential future customers are. To achieve a blue ocean, this is where the company needs to keep its focus.Get the Strategic Sequence Right The sequence in which all strategic plans are to be executed needs to be lined correctly to offer maximum value to the customers. All the experiences that a buyer has to go through need to be laid out in the right order and executed in this same order. The idea is to keep the customer experience in mind as the true process.Overcome Key Organizational Hurdles Any internal organizational struggles and issues should be resolved in order to successfully implement any strategy you have chosen. A lack of team work and a focus on individual departmental thinking will only create further hurdles. Process gaps between departments should be bridged as soon as possible.Build Execution into Strategy The key to long term success is to make great customer experiences your core business. This means the implementation of the blue ocean strategy should be built into the organizationâ€™s ongoing processes. The employees must be encouraged to always think creatively and given the empowerment to bring improvements where needed.EXAMPLESCirque Du SoleilThe Company Cirque du Soleil or Circus of the Sun is the largest theatrical producer in the world. The Canadian entertainment company is based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It was created in 1984 by Guy LalibertÃ© and Gilles Ste-Croix, two former street performers. The companyâ€™s theatrical and character-driven focus as well as the absence of traditional performing animals helped it create a new genre of a contemporary circus.The Product Every show within the companyâ€™s repertoire is a synthesi s of different circus styles from around the globe but with a unique central theme and a storyline. There is continuous live music with performers handling changes in props themselves. The circus has conducted shows in over 271 countries on all continents except Antarctica through the 1990s and 2000s. The company has an estimated annual revenue of over US$810 million and employs over 4000 people from over 40 countries.Cirque du Soleil and the Blue Ocean Strategy One example of the blue ocean strategy that is given by the authors themselves in their book is the Cirque du Soleil and its amazing success. The reinvention of the circus model allowed the company to bring in more revenue than its more traditional counterparts such as the Ringling Brothers and Barnum Bailey managed to in over a century.According to Kim and Mauborgne,Cirque did not make its money by competing within the confines of the existing industry or by stealing customers from Ringling and the others. Instead, it crea ted uncontested market space that made the competition irrelevant. It pulled in a whole new group of customers who were traditionally noncustomers of the industry â€" adults and corporate clients who had turned to theater, opera or ballet and were, therefore, prepared to pay several times more than the price of a conventional circus ticket for an unprecedented entertainment experience.Essentially, the founders eliminated those elements of the circus that created low value with the customer but high cost. These included the costly three ring method and the use of trained animals. Instead, customers are treated to a sophisticated theatrical production with a unique storyline and characters. Thus, the company managed to put together the most valued elements of the theatre and the circus and created a new genre that neither the theatre nor the circus can properly compete with.Nintendo WiiThe CompanyThe Wii was released by Nintendo in November 2006 and is a home video game console and th e first of its kind. The console competes with Microsoftâ€™s Xbox 360 and Sonyâ€™s Playstation 3. With its unique features, the console apparently appeals to a wider demographic than its competitors and as of 2012, led sales worldwide in its generation.The ProductThrough the Wii, Nintendo brought the Wii Remote Controller into the market. This is a small hand held device that is pointed to the TV and detects movement in 3D. The console could also receive messages and updates from the internet through the WiiConnect24, though the feature is now defunct.Nintendo and the Blue Ocean StrategyNintendo had been around for many years in the video gaming market and it was difficult to predict its eventual rise to the top most innovative companies as it did in the Business Week/BCG ranking in 2008. This ranking placed Nintendo in the same category as Apple and Google. Nintendo managed to achieve this by its identification of an untapped market of potential casual gamers, those who had never c onsidered gaming as an area of interest. Before then, console and game makers had solely focused their efforts on the hard-core gaming consumers.The console redesign and the simplification of the entire gaming process allowed the company to bring on board an entirely new segment of casual gamers of all ages who enjoyed the social experience of gaming with their families. This included younger and older players as well as women as new customer groups. Image credit: Flickr | Sacha Chua under Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic.

Strategic Framework Understanding Blue Ocean Strategy

Sunday, May 24, 2020

Comparing Germany s Education System - 859 Words

In comparing and contrasting GermanyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Education System to the U.S Education System, one would find both similarities and differences; however, one enormous difference is that tuition is free to the students in the GermanyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Public School System and higher educational institutions (Flippo, 1996). More importantly, Parks (2014) explained, that if an American wanted to be educated in Germany, the tuition would be free, but in order to obtain a bachelorÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s degree in Germany, the American student would have to be knowledgeable enough to comprehend the German language, and having an equivalent educational background of a German Abitur ( e.g., university entry qualification) is required. To the American, this could be equal to the Advance Placement courses in the U.S. Based on research, Germany does not claim to have a Ã¢â‚¬Å"community college systemÃ¢â‚¬ as do the U.S. (S. Caison personal communication, June 25, 2015). Nevertheless, the counterpart would be that of a German Facshule (e.g. technical) type college that focuses on Applied Science Degrees. It is different from the GermanyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s traditional universities, because of its practical application that is parallel to the U.S. Applied Associate Science Degree Program in the community collegeÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s system (S. Caison personal communication, June 25, 2015). Moreover, in some German States, thirteen years are incorporated in the public schools that is an alternative to the twelves years that is normally implemented. In addition to that,Show MoreRelatedThe Social Welfare And Import Trade Of Britain And China1322 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 Pagesthe harmonious development of society by continuously improving the country s social welfare system, solving the problem of living in certain groups. China and UK are import and export trading powers, and in terms of social welfare there is a huge difference, Britain has a relatively sound social welfare system, however, because of China s large population and it is in the development stage of the social welfare system has many shortcomings. This essay will compare the Social Welfare and the importRead MoreSimilarities And Similarities Of Police Training And Policy During The United States And Other Countries1349 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 Pagespeace. Many question the system as a whole, and the training police officers receive, as well as their mental health. Across the borders, police are trained differently and follow various policies that may seem ridiculous or foreign, however, when comparing and contrasting two police systems, the similarities may be alarming, and the differences may be great, but knowing the strengths and weakness of each different system, can help towards progressing to have a better system and better training forRead MoreDifferent Perspectives of The Jewish Holocaust 1641 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pagesare still present in the twenty first century. Especially in Germany, the Holocaust not only influences patriotism, but it als o influences education and immigration policies. In contrast to other countries where nationalism is common, Germany has been forced to lessen the sense of nationalism in order to dispose false beliefs some individuals have of German racism. By allowing people from other countries to become German citizens, Germany avoids transmitting the sense of being a better and a cleanerRead MoreComparing The United States Health Care System With The Federal Republic Of Germany2322 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 10 Pages COMPARING THE UNITED STATES HEALTH CARE SYSTEM WITH THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY During the past few decades in the United States, health care cost has been skyrocketing, and many people have lost their insurance as result of the high cost. Approximately 45 million American s are uninsured or they donÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t have a real health care plan that can cover all their needs. Some Americans have the perception that even with coverage, cost and other problems in the system, the quality of the Healthcare SystemRead MoreGender Wage Gaps And Gender Inequality1115 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pagesrandom sample from the employment register of Germany s Federal Employment Agency. Data set includes data from 1975-2004 and includes more than 80% of those employed in Germany during those times. Regions were divided into rural areas and hot-spots using a classification scheme developed by the German Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning (Hirsch et. al., 2009). An experiment was done in which they controlled for experience, tenure, education, occupation, job position, industry, size,Read MoreThe Presidential Debate At Longwood University Essay1145 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pagesleaders if tragedy were to occur. However, the candidates used much of their allotted time to target the opposing presidential candidate and would then interrupt their opponent multiple times throughout their answer. Comparing the citizenship qualification of the United States to Germany may be helpful in solving the current immigration problems facing our country. The Vice Presidential debate showed the differences in opinion on immigration; the Republican campaign looks to build on the current enforcement-onlyRead MoreCompare and contrast the internal policies of Mussolini and Stalin.1271 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 6 Pagespolicies of Mussolini and Stalin. Mussolini and Stalin were two of the most significant dictators of the 20th century. Both aimed to establish a totalitarian system but their different characters and circumstances in their respective countries resulted in two very different approaches in obtaining their goals. At the beginning of Mussolini s era, Mussolini was supported by the Liberals in parliament. With their help he introduced strict censorship and altered the methods of election so that in 1925-1926Read MoreComparing India And The United States965 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 4 Pagescategories that differentiate which countries are developed and developing are unemployment levels, living conditions, and economic growth. Despite countries being developed and developing, they all are always trying to improve their economic status. Comparing India and the United States, one can gain a better understanding of the differences of developed and developing countries. One reason countries are characterized as developed or undeveloped is to compare their strengths and weaknesses. A developedRead MoreEthnocentrism Is A Basic Attitude Expressing The Belief That One? S Own Culture Essay1731 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesETHNOCENTRISM Ethnocentrism is a basic attitude expressing the belief that one?s own ethnic group or one?s own culture is superior to other ethnic groups or cultures, and that one?s cultural standards can be applied in a universal manner. The term was first used by the American sociologist William Graham Sumner (1840?1910) to describe the view that one?s own culture can be considered central, while other cultures or religious traditions are reduced to a less prominent role. Ethnocentrism is closelyRead MoreNotes On Monetary And Monetary Policy Essay1525 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 Pagesthe economy and hampers economic growth. An MP that is too tight can produce serious recessions in which output falls and unemployment rises. For the sake of this case study, we shall limit our models to monetary targeting and inflation targeting, comparing the elements, advantages and disadvantages of both strategies. Monetary Targeting Monetary targeting strategy involves using monetary

Thursday, May 14, 2020

Review Of Jane Eyre - 764 Words

Jane. ThatÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s all he could think about. With her long brown hair and fair, pale skin. Eyes dark as night, smile bright as day. He crouched down in a fetal position, hands wrapped around her still, cold body. His eyelids covering his dull, grey eyes, forehead lay against the old wooden floor. Ã¢â‚¬Å"You look so beautiful sweetheart. Like always.Ã¢â‚¬ Voice scratchy and tired, cheek pressed against her lifeless face. She was his life, his soul. His mind so full of her, he had forgotten his own name. For he had loved the way it rolled off her tongue. Ã¢â‚¬Å"WilliamÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ The way she would smile after calling for him. Spending his days reminiscing about her long, strawberry-blonde hair that now appeared a rufous, copper color. Midnight eyes that staredÃ¢â‚¬ ¦show more contentÃ¢â‚¬ ¦But what really went on in that dark, unwelcoming fortress, most seem to question. For if what was happening were to be revealed, the town would cower in fear and flee. Madness. This is what has taken over my life. The full moon enveloping me with itÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s cold rays, taunting me. She loved the moon, how its rays would cover her hour-glass like body, illuminating her once strawberry-blonde hair. For it was the moon that had taken her away from me, ripping her out of my reach. Stealing her soul. Her beautiful, warm soul. My eyebrows knit together, lips grimacing at the sudden thought. My rough fingers pulled at the ends of my lifeless hair. I must bring her back, bring her back. Ã¢â‚¬Å"William,Ã¢â‚¬ A voice echoed. My head shot up at the voice. So soft...so gentle. I rose my head, tired eyes scanning the vacant room. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Jane, is that you my love,Ã¢â‚¬ I called out. No answer. Letting out a deep sigh, I picked myself up, my tall frail figure barely able to stand. Then I heard it again. Ã¢â‚¬Å"WilliamÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ My body turned towards the voice. My eyes met with my reflectionÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s, placing my hands on the sides of my face, I stared in dismay. For thatÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s when I saw her, lustering, midnight orbs staring into mine. Her plump lips curved into a smile, nodding at what seemed to be my helpless state. Her hand rested on my shoulder. Turning to meet her eyes I could not see, for she was a mere reflection. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Please William,Ã¢â‚¬ she whispered against my ear. Shivers traveled through my body. I

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Analysis of Achebes Impartiality in Chinua Achebes...

Achebes Impartiality In Things Fall Apart Knowledge of Africa and the inhabitants of the massive continent were often portrayed as barbaric beasts by the first missionaries to enter the land. Because of skewed writings by European missionary workers, a picture was painted for their readership of a savage Africa saved only by the benevolent, civilized western influence. Achebe successfully attempts to redirect this attitude. Achebe educationally has the means to convey a different perspective, an advantage most other individuals of his culture lack. In his novel Things Fall Apart, rather than glorifying the Ibo culture, or even offering a new view, Achebe acts as a pipeline for information to flow freely without partiality.Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more contentÃ¢â‚¬ ¦The accumulation of a congregation was a slow process. Mr. Kiaga, the interpreter in charge of the congregation, was firm and it was this trait that saved the young church (157, Ach). His strong faith and new beliefs were inspirational to those clansmen that had ever ques tioned the Ibo practices. Mr. Brown, a white missionary, was characterized as respected even by the clan (178, Ach). Mr. Brown was even offered a gift by one of the neighboring villages, which was a sign of his dignity and rank (179, Ach). He did not simply preach his ideas, but educated himself in the tribes culture through conversations with the clansmen. Mr. Brown opened a school and hospital in Umofia. And it was not long before the people began to say that the white mans medicine was quick in working. Mr. Browns school produced quick results (181, Ach). Achebe chooses to characterize a missionary such as Mr. Brown favorably to create for the reader a respectable and exemplary view of the missionary. This benevolent perception of missionaries is neutralized with Mr. Browns contrast: Reverend James Smith. When Reverend James Smith is sent to replace the ill Mr. Brown, things reroute. Reverend James Smith openly disputed Mr. Browns policy of compromise andShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 656 Pagesglobalization, both of which can be seen as hallmarks of the opening decades of the twentieth century. This intermingling of the forces and processes that were arguably essential components 2 Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ INTRODUCTION of two epochs we routinely set apart as centuries suggests the need for flexibility in demarcating phases of world history, and for determining beginnings and endings that accord with major shifts in political and socioeconomic circumstances and dynamics rather than standard but arbitrary

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

New Introduction To Supply Chain Management - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the New Introduction To Supply Chain Management. Answer: Intermodal Transport Company Intermodal transportation involves joining of several modes of transportation to form a chain which helps in delivering goods efficiently and effectively. These help in reducing the cost of transportation and also allow movement of large quantities of goods. In this form of transportation, there are transfers in between the modes being used in that road transport can be used from one place to the other and then from there a different mode is used. Intermodal terminals are of thee types each having its own location and materials requirements, they are port terminals, rail terminals, and distribution centers. Port terminals are substantial when dealing with traffic, space consumption and financial requirements. Has container sea terminal which links maritime and inland systems. Due to increase in distance of the maritime containers, the intermediate center terminal has been born to help transfer containers from one network to the other; it also acts as a barrier as containers wait to be put to the other ship. Rail terminal is joined with port terminals at the beginning of the inland Distribution centers are terminals which do extra functions to the freight. Performs three duties: - Its a trans-loading facility as it transfers items in the maritime containers to trucks or local containers -it does cross-docking at retail supply chain segment -warehousing where items/containers are kept within the supply chains. What makes it different from multimodal transportation is that intermodal involve movement of cargo from one origin to a destination by use of many modes of transport whereby each mode has its own carrier with own independent contract, whereas multimodal is the movement of cargo from an origin to a destination using several modes of transport and that each has its own different carrier but with single contract. Intermodal transportation is largely used because the road transportation has been congested and their rates are expensive and competitive, hence the operators are forced to the jungle to survive, road transport favors transport of most perishable goods, counter the problems of truck breakdown. Other benefits of using intermodal transportation are decreased emissions of carbon when the rail is used compared to trucks, has to lead to improvement in safety and security as the use of Rail is safer than truck service, decreased congestion in the highway because over 200 trucks are reduced to one train. Martens, et.al ( 2012). The advantages of multimodal transportation are: tracking can be easily done as monitoring is done with one carrier from door-to-door, you can be able to access remote areas while carrying the cargo with one transport carrier, delivery time is well-organized, and it has the minimal coordination of the logistics. Intermodal transportation from early days to the current era uses container according to Bektas and Crainic (2007) includes: -Early container which some were wooden -Containerization which is steel made containers -Containers and container handling which is mainly used when using a ship as a mode of transport - Load securing in intermodal containers -Container ships used to carry containers by sea -Railways where containers are put on container well cars -Trucks can be used to transport cargo within the terminal or for deliveries to the customers. -Barges -Land bridges which are used in intermodal transportation to align containerized ocean cargo which is being transported across a large body of land. -Planes which are bigger carry cargo in the containers - The pipeline is used in intermodal transportation as it is suitable for carrying gas and liquids. They are damaging to the environment, cannot be stolen since they are put underground and cannot be noticed easily, more economical, safe, convenient and reliable mode of transportation. Liquid fertilizers, liquidified natural gas, and carbon dioxide can also be carried by use of pipelines. Despite your choice of transportation, shippers need transportation management systems to allow easy tracking during the deliveries, to enable them to do an analysis to determine the best shipping cost with the best routing transit time. Transportation management systems can coordinate well with other carriers and suppliers. Meixell and Norbis ( 2008) Currently focus is on the policies that suit motorization and does not consider the essential elements of sustainability, but more focus on sustainable transportation should be looked into, one that covers intermodal transport for both passengers and cargo. This is achieved by overcoming problems faced in the industry and putting incorrect policies and decision-making systems with general participation from everyone. Qube is one of the largest logistics company in Australia which embraces intermodal transportation and offers import and export services to clients. Its growth has been aided by its highly skilled and experienced management team with dedicated, skilled workforce. Has a large site which is able to accommodate two terminals as it includes import-export terminal joining container station. NSW will form the biggest intermodal freight division in Australia. Logistics management theories Slack (2008) Supply chain and general systems In this theory, the assessment of existing and representative systems shows no advancement in technology yet, and therefore measures in the general theory should be adopted to aid development in the industry. This theory states that the larger the developed system, the more the resources required to maintain it. Therefore when a company makes a plan to improve their logistic system, they should consider the cost implications. General supply chain model It shows that there is no defined chain model as the existing supply chain deals with one aspect, organization measures, Technology and individual conditions. Other theories and practice of supply chain management- In this theory, much improvement of systems is shown. Organizational buying behavior Deals with management of procurement procedures. Decisions made differ in terms of the level of risk imposed to the organization and the decisions are influenced by environmental factors like suppliers, competitors. Its affected by organizational factors like the buying organizations size, structure, and finally, its affected also by buy-classes like product type, the complexity of purchase. Halldorsson, et.al (2007) Contracting of economics(agency theory) This involves a situation where the principal delegates the work of delivering some activities to an agent and he ensures that the work delegated is done as per the standards put and his interests. This relationship can also be seen when a buyer engages a seller to deliver some products or services to them. The theory only bases on getting to know how efficient result is achieved other than knowing how the relationship buyer and seller should be. Network and inter-organizational relationships Deals with supplier management relationship, supply advancement and improvement of performance. Focuses on different theories as stated by Janvier-James (2012): Relational contract theory- this states that exchange transactions work in a social matrix and follow relational patterns. Resource dependency theory- focuses on the idea of power relations in the supply chains. Social exchange theory- involves networking in the business Integrated supply chain management Deals with operational delivery procedures and answer questions about monitoring and management of supplier relationship. It begins work from logistics, management of materials and operations management. Has game theory and systems theory. Game theory states that many economic decisions involving buyer and seller occur in step by step and their continuous interactions enable them to know each other well. Systems theory is an organization and management theory which helps in giving information on the processes within and between the organizations. It states that procedures and results of a system can be comprehended by looking at it closely and to the fullest. There are factors which affect the choice of intermodal transportation as per Meixell and Norbis (2008) over other forms are: The frequency of shipping- intermodal transport does well when cargo is to be transported continuously maintaining the quantities. The distance between the origin and destinations also determine the form of transport to use as longer distances suits intermodal form. Nature and quantity of cargo also determine the form of transport be used in that intermodal form is good for transporting in-between and finished products. Cargo value- an intermodal form of transport suits in-between cargo values. Sequence of modes being used- intermodal uses many modes which organized a chain Logistics strategies Logistics being the major function in the success of a business is facing a lot challenges in its operations, some of the challenges include: Transportation costs- the continuous rise of fuel cost has caused a great effect as it has increased wages and hike inflation rates hence increase the costs of transportation. Processing of information- managers deal with a lot of office work on a daily basis apart from managing the operations of the fleet. This can be tiresome and time-consuming to the person undertaking the duties. Manpower management- dealing with each an every personnel and their issues and work can be a hurdle. Managers, therefore, should be able to handle them and organize them and their duties hence good delivery. Dealing with segmented and customized services as operators should offer some experiences to different customers at a time hence saving time and effort. Regulations compliance- its a great challenge as rules and regulations of transport different from one region to the other and handling this in each region and also showing the personnel how to deal with them can be a hectic activity. Road safety laws have been a hinder to easier movement, the force applied to effect the laws can cause the cost of doing business to go high. The rules and regulations set by government sometimes affect logistic movement this is because of poor disagreement in funding in Australian government and this can affect transport as there will be no roads if by the time of disagreements there were no roads. Regulations governing logistics may hinder movement and especially when a company needs special transportation, there is need to get permits for the case. Advancement of technology in the world affects logistics sector too as installation can be costly. How to solve the challenges All these problems faced by the management can be solved so as to achieve the best in the business. The process of problem-solving can be step by step as follows according to Slack (2008) are: Finding out the problem and describe it objectively so as to reach a solution Find out what might be the cause of the problem which is hindering the success of the company, more research and close evaluation should be done to come with all the causes and how it has affected the companys performance Try coming up with solutions to the problem identified. All possible ways can be noted down and then analyze them to come up with an appropriate solution. Try by solving the problems part by part, not as a whole; here you can involve other stakeholders or friends to get different ideas and approaches to some problems. Decision making- this is a crucial part as it determines whether a problem will be solved or not. Apply the solution and assess its success in each problem, if after applying the solution and you find there is no change, you will have to go back to drawing board. The challenges discussed above can, therefore, be solved as follows: The transport costs problem can be solved by embracing an approach of reducing bottlenecks in the network designs. Clear information about the existing and future deliveries should be sought and find an efficient way of handling them. Automation application should be applied to help in reducing the workload of the enormous amount of information being processed daily. Software to offer an automatic solution to the extrapolative process of offering services to different customers should be incorporated hence saving time. A delegation of responsibilities through appointing managers at key regions helps in efficient management of the working team and the management can be able to handle each personnel on the same page. Audit software can be adapted to counter the problems of regulation compliance NSW involvement NSW government has in many ways tried to engage their selves in the process of trying to solve the problems faced by transportation companies and solved where a solution is found. We shall look at how they have involved themselves in different challenges and how they have tried to solve them (Bujak and Gubskaya, 2012). Urban problems which include road changes, toll roads, and traffic congestion are some of the problems encountered by Australian freight companies. The government has developed plans to decongest the places and also ensure warehouse, where the goods are stored, are not located in the city, find alternative roads for freight trucks so as to avoid the toll roads. Regional challenges which include long distances between the origin and the destinations has been a challenge and sometimes causes drivers fatigue which can lead to accidents.NSW, therefore, developed a logistic program and the introduction of the use of trains has helped ease the challenge of distances. Sometimes there are also animals crossing the road and therefore bull bars are used to protect vehicles. Change in seasons also has an impact on transport even at times there is the unavailability of some spare parts for the trucks, snow falls affect rail and air mode of transport. During summer, perishable goods are greatly affected; NSW, therefore, recommends availability of coolers in the warehouses to counter these problems and also the health of workers should be a card for during this season. Conclusion. Transport industry faces a lot of challenges but despite that, the use of an intermodal form of transport has helped in some areas. In the near future with the advancement of technologies and other measures, freight will be delivered door-to-door as agreed by the customer and the transport company. References List Bektas, T., and Crainic, T., (2007)A brief overview of intermodal transportation. CIRRELT. Crainic, T.G., and Kim, K.H., (2007) Intermodal transportation.Handbooks in operations research and management science,14, pp.467-537. Bujak, A. and Gubskaya, N., (2012) Innovations and changes in the logistics tasks implementations.Studia Ekonomiczne/Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach, (121 Developing of transportation flows in 21st century supply chains), pp.45-58. Chapman, R.L., Hyland, P.W., Jenkins, R.J. and Sloan, T.R., (1997) Continuous improvement in Australian manufacturing firms: findings of a survey in New South Wales.International Journal of Technology Management,14(1), pp.102-115. Halldorsson, A., Kotzab, H., Mikkola, J.H. and Skjtt-Larsen, T., (2007) Complementary theories to supply chain management.Supply chain management: An international journal,12(4), pp.284-296. Janvier-James, A.M., (2012) A new introduction to supply chains and supply chain management: Definitions and theories perspective.International Business Research,5(1), p.194. Martens, K., Golub, A., and Robinson, G., (2012) A justice-theoretic approach to the distribution of transportation benefits: Implications for transportation planning practice in the United States.Transportation research part A: policy and practice,46(4), pp.684-695. Meixell, M.J., and Norbis, M., (2008) A review of the transportation mode choice and carrier selection literature.The International Journal of Logistics Management,19(2), pp.183-211. Slack, B., (2008) Intermodal transportation. InHandbook of Logistics and Supply-Chain Management(pp. 141-154). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Sunday, April 5, 2020

Marketing management free essay sample

Chapter 1 Defining Marketing for the 21st Century Five basic markets their connecting flows Figure 1.1 Marketing Management An Asian Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, of Perspective Structure Leong Flows in a Modern Exchange Economy Tan 4th Edition International Executive MBA PGSM Page I.01 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 1.2 A Simple Marketing System Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Figure 1.3 Holistic Marketing Dimensions Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.02 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Holistic Marketing In Your own words, define Holistic Marketing? Figure 1.4 The 4 P Components of the Marketing Mix Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.03 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Asian Figure 1.5 Marketing-Mix Strategy Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Perspective 4th Edition Figure 1.6 Factors Influencing Company Asian Marketing Management An Marketing Strategy Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Perspective 4th Edition Page I.04 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Skim a Vietnamese company that you believe has been adopting market-driven research strategy. Identify those strategies. Why do you consider this company to be successful? Chapter 2 Developing Marketing Strategies Plans Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.05 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 2.1 Two Views of the Value Delivery Process Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Figure 2.2 Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition The Generic Value Chain Marketing Management An Asian Perspective Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, each Study costs performance in Leong Tan activity improve it 4th Edition International Executive MBA PGSM Page I.06 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 2.3 A holistic marketing network Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Figure 2.4 The Strategic Planning, Implementation Control Processes Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.07 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 2.5 The strategic planning gap Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Figure 2.6 Three Intensive Growth Strategies: AnsoffÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Product-Market Expansion Grid Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.08 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 2.7 The Business Unit Strategic-Planning Process Asian Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Perspective 4th Edition Figure 2.8 Opportunity and Threat Matrices Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.09 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 2.8 Opportunity and Threat Matrices Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Chapter 3 GATHERING Information Scanning the Environment Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.10 MARKETING MANAGEMENT The Demographic Environment Population Age Mix Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Populations vary in age mix Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Global trend Ã¯Æ'ËœAging population Ã¯Æ'ËœFalling fertility rates Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Future Asian retiree: affluent, cosmopolitan Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Good market for travel, entertainment Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition The Demographic Environment Population Age Mix 6 Age Groups: 1. Preschool 2. School-age children 3. Teens 4. Young adults age 25 to 40 5. Adults age 40 to 65 6. Older adults age 65 up Most populous groups shape marketing environment Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.11 MARKETING MANAGEMENT The Demographic Environment Ethnic Other Markets Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Countries vary in ethnic racial makeup Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Ethnic groups specific wants buying habits Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ AsiaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s ethnic diversity: 20 major languages 12 major religions in 12 Asian countries Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition The Demographic Environment Educational Groups Asians desire for knowledge demand for Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Books, education Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Offshore campuses Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Joint degree programs Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Online courses Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.12 MARKETING MANAGEMENT The Demographic Environment Educational Groups 5 educational groups: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Illiterates High school dropouts High school degree holders College degree holders Professional degree holders Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition The Demographic Environment Household Patterns Traditional household Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Husband, wife children Non-traditional household Ã¯â€š § Singles Ã¯â€š § Single-parent families Ã¯â€š § Divorcees Growing rapidly Ã¯â€š § Distinct needs, buying habits Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Eg smaller furniture, food sets Ã¯â€š § Singles can spend Marketing Management An family Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Asian Perspective 4th Edition International Executive MBA PGSM Page I.13 MARKETING MANAGEMENT The Demographic Environment Geographical Shifts in Population Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Migration between/within countries Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Eg 1997 Hong Kong reverted to China Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Hong Kongers migrate to other countries increase demand for housing education Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Marketers target these new successful population members Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Other Major Macroenvironments Social-Cultural Environment Other cultural characteristics: 1. High Persistence- Core Cultural Values Ã¯â€š § Ã¯â€š § Hold core beliefs values that persist Easier to change secondary than core 2. Existence of Subcultures- shared values 3. Shifts of Secondary Cultural Values Over Time Ã¯â€š § Core values cultural swings do take place Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.14 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Other Major Macroenvironments Natural Environment Marketers to take note of: 1. Shortages of raw materials 2. Increased costs of energy 3. Increased pollution levels 4. Changing role of governments protect environment Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Other Major Macroenvironments Natural Environment Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Nature deteriorates global concern Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Air water pollution dangerous levels Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Companies practices, protect nature Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Green products protect environment Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Change consumer attitudes role to protect environment Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.15 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Other Major Macroenvironments Technological Environment 1. Accelerating pace of change Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Computers, internet reduce auto pollution 2. Unlimited opportunities for innovation Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Virtual reality consumer reactions to products 3. Varying RD budgets Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Content to copy products slight changes 4. Increased regulation- technological change Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Public safety Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Other Major Macroenvironments Political-Legal Environment Laws, government pressure groups influence limit firms individuals Marketers must work: 1. 2. 3. 4. Within laws business practices Engage special-interest groups Exploit opportunities market reform Deal with corruption Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.16 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Other Major Macroenvironments Political-Legal Environment INCREASE IN BUSINESS LEGISLATION But marketers can get around regulations Eg: Dahongying Ã¢â‚¬â€œ China bans Tobacco advertising Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Yet, Dahongying sells cigarettes seen on TV, billboards in-store displays Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Why? Dahongying has education business libraries with same name Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Other Major Macroenvironments Political-Legal Environment INCREASE IN BUSINESS LEGISLATION To protect: 1. Companies unfair competition 2. Consumers unfair business practices 3. Society unbridled business behavior Ã¢â‚¬Å"At what point do costs of regulation exceed the benefits? Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.17 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Other Major Macroenvironments Political-Legal Environment INCREASE IN BUSINESS LEGISLATION Protect home industries Ã¯â€š § Eg KFC Bangalore closed overuse of MSG Ã¯â€š § Rumors closed to protect local retailers Counter protectionistic policies, foreign firms new local brands Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Eg Ã¢â‚¬Å"Made-in-ThailandÃ¢â‚¬ Heineken beer Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Other Major Macroenvironments Political-Legal Environment GROWTH OF SPECIAL-INTEREST GROUPS Consumerist movement strengthen rights powers of buyers Ã¯â€š § Ã¯â€š § Eg: true interest cost of loan Basic ingredients in product Personal data customized products privacy issues public policy issue Consumer affairs policies consumer complaints Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.18 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Other Major Macroenvironments Political-Legal Environment MARKET REFORM Consistency nation-building agenda Take time- less developed Asian countries Ã¢â‚¬â€œ VietnamÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s doi moi, criticized as too slow, overregulated inefficient Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Other Major Macroenvironments Political-Legal Environment CORRUPTION Corruption Asian officials- rife Bribes paid smallest of clearances Survey Chinese most willing pay bribes Asian governments to clean up long-term economic dividends Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.19 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Chapter 4 CONDUCTING Marketing Research and Forecasting Demand Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Know the 4 WHs and H of your market? International Executive MBA PGSM Page I.20 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 4.1 The Marketing Research Process Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Marketing Research in Asia Marketing research in Asia challenging WHY? 1. Unreliable/no secondary data 2. Databases not comparable cross-nationally 3. Poor research infrastructure 4. Cultural differences in response 5. Variations in research capabilities 6. High rates of change in marketplace Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.21 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Marketing Research in Asia Solutions: 1. Sequence piloting, adapting rollout of surveys regionally 2. External validation of data sources 3. Use samples on future demographic profiles 4. Invest on research capabilities infrastructure Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Figure 4.2 The Control-Chart Model Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.22 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 4.3 Financial Model of Return on Net Worth Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Figure 4.4 Ninety Types of Demand Measurement (6 Ãƒâ€" 5 Ãƒâ€" 3) Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.23 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 4.5 Market Demand Functions Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Figure 4.5 Market Demand Functions Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.24 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Chapter 5 CREATING Customer Value, Satisfaction Loyalty Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Figure 5.1 Traditional Organization versus Modern Customer-Oriented Company Organization Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.25 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 5.2 Determinants Of CustomerDelivered Value Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Figure 5.3 Customer-Product Profitability Analysis Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.26 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Figure 5.4 The CustomerDevelopment Process Main steps in process to attract keep customers Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Figure 5.5 Levels of Relationship Marketing Marketing Management Depends on number of customers profit margin An Asian Perspective Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan 4th Edition International Executive MBA PGSM Page I.27 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Customer Databases Database Marketing Database marketing process to build, maintain use databases to contact, transact build customer relationships Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Figure 5.6 Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Increasing Customer Share of Requirements Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.28 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Customer Databases Database Marketing Data Warehouses Datamining Data warehouse: Organized collected data Datamining: Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Extract information on individuals trends Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Statistical mathematical techniques Ã¢â‚¬â€œ cluster analysis neural networking Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Customer Databases Database Marketing Data Warehouses Datamining USING THE DATABASE Database used in 5 ways: 1. Identify prospects 2. Decide customers to receive offer 3. Deepen customer loyalty 4. Reactivate customer purchases 5. Avoid serious customer mistakes Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.29 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Customer Databases Database Marketing The Downside of Database Marketing CRM 4 problems in using CRM: FIRST PROBLEM: Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Build maintain database Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Large technology investment skilled staff Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Difficult to collect right data Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Problem worse in Asia Ã¢â‚¬â€œ At least 4 major differences in nature of customer relationships compared to the West Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Customer Databases Database Marketing The Downside of Database Marketing CRM 4 differences in Asia compared to the West 1. Language preference- complex but important 2. Identify by nameÃ¢â‚¬â€œ challenge racially diverse 3. Some jurisdictions allow 1 marriage Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Wealthy males 1 address intricate arrangements 4. Bias against flaunting wealth Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Reluctance to declare to strangers, government Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.30 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Customer Databases Database Marketing The Downside of Database Marketing CRM SECOND PROBLEM: Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Difficult to get all to be customer-oriented THIRD PROBLEM: Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Not all want relationship with company Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ May resent company has personal information FOURTH PROBLEM: Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Assumptions behind CRM not always true Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Customer Databases Database Marketing The Downside of Database Marketing CRM 4 main perils of CRM: 1. Implement CRM before customer strategy 2. Roll out CRM before changing organization 3. Assume more CRM technology is better 4. Stalking, not wooing customers Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan International Executive MBA PGSM Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Page I.31 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Customer Databases Database Marketing NhÃ† °Ã¡ » £c Ã„â€˜iÃ¡ »Æ'm cÃ¡ » §a cÃ† ¡ sÃ¡ »Å¸ dÃ¡ » ¯ liÃ¡ »â€¡u CRM Each company needs to determine how much to invest in building and using database marketing to conduct its customer relationships Ã‚ © Kotler, Keller, Ang, Leong Tan Marketing Management An Asian Perspective 4th Edition Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Look at your own business, do you believe that it promotes a CRM? Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ The advantage and the disadvantage of your business CRM? Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Is the CRM relevant to governmental and non profit organization? Explain?

Sunday, March 8, 2020

Success story of airasia Essays

Success story of airasia Essays Success story of airasia Essay Success story of airasia Essay The business world Is a tough one. Unless one Is lucky enough to establish Itself In the market that has very few competitors, every business usually have a very rough time. And in todays scenario, where there is high level of competition not only on the local, regional, and national front, but also from global enterprises, the business world has become a place where it is difficult to even get by. The Lorene Industry too Is one of the toughest and most challenging In the world today, and has been so for last couple of decades. Ever since the winds of globalization started blowing all over the globe. It was always a difficult task for an airline to establish itself in a competitive market and Air Asia too faced the same hurdles that many other airlines faced. The difference however, is that Air Asia managed to rise above its initial setbacks and is today one of the most influential and successful airlines in Asia as well as the global aviation sector. The Lore ne was founded In the year 1 993 and the first flight of Alarm Salsa took to the skies In November 1996. Within a few years, the airline was heavily In debt and there was talk that the airline would have to wrap up its operations and say goodbye to the aviation sector forever. In the year 2001 however, Tony Fernando, the business honcho known for his shrewd business skills took an interest in the airline and his company Tune Air SD Bad finally took over the same year at a token amount of Just 1 ringing. At that time, a debt of USED 11 million was staring in the face of the airline and only a miracle could save It. The miracle was Tony Fernando and his efficient management and operational executives. After the takeover, Air Asia developed a new strategy to attract customer by offering flights at fares as less as MYRA 1. This created a lot of hype for the airline and customers were soon lining up for tickets. Another strategy of introducing new routes and revamping the operational aspect of the airline saw Air Salsa doing a complete turnabout and the company recorded a profit In the year 2002 Itself. The year 2003 saw Air Asia take another leap by starting off with international operations in the form of a flight to Bangkok. Singapore soon saw more and more Air Asia international flights taking off from its airport and so did other cities in many countries all over Asia. This momentum was never lost out on, and today, Air Asia is a name that holds a prominent position among the low fare carriers and also among all other carriers In the aviation Industry. Growing with the region From a 2 aircraft- and 250 staff member-company, Eurasia now has approximately 130 aircrafts and employs 10,000 people. It has 15 hubs In the SEAN region, flies to 10 Hong Kong SARA, Macaw, Taiwan, China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Nepal, and Saudi Arabia. Sixty-five (65) of its 95 destinations are in Southeast Asia. Eurasia carried 37 million guests in 2012 alone, and more than 200 million guests to date, making it the biggest airline in SEAN in terms of passenger volume. It has been operationally profitable every year since 2001. But whats more encouraging is news about the airlines business impact. Raisins operations trigger economic activities and benefit not Just the airlines employees and their families, but also indirectly offer anis to players inside and outside the travel and tourism industry. SEAN people and location Aside from its low-cost business model, Eurasia attributes its growth to its people. Raisins workforce comprises of people from different SEAN countries, allowing the airline to benefit from SEAN talents diverse backgrounds and familiarity with the region. Raisins strategic location in Southeast Asia is equally important. Raisins location allows the airline access to the regions 600 million people needing affordable air travel. Its proximity to China and India, as well as Japan and South Korea, further expands Raisins reach to a market of more than 3 billion people. It also gains from Jeans growing economy and expanding middle income class. More people are now flying as SEAN populations disposable incomes increase, economic and business activities rise, and Gaps of most SEAN countries grow. Heavily invested in SEAN Eurasia believes SEAN is the place to be in now. Confident of continued growth in the region, it is thinking of setting up associate airlines in other SEAN countries. It plans to open more routes, increase flight frequencies, offer new products and revise, and set more Joint ventures in the region. As part of its regional expansion, Eurasia X has ordered a total of 25 units of Airbus AWAY and 10 Airbus AWAY, while Eurasia ordered 475 units of Airbus AWAY aircraft, making it the largest airline customer of Airbus for its AWAY model. It is bullish on the SEAN Community and sees the SEAN integration as a component of its future success. For Eurasia, an integrated SEAN will result to more streamlined operations, increased access to a bigger talent pool, higher demand for travel, and a more encouraged investment limited. The implementation of SEAN Open Skies, in particular, is envisioned to mean growth in number of destinations and frequencies, and true liberalizing of air travel. Towards this end, Eurasia has established Eurasia Sean to support rationalization efforts within and outside the company. It has begun to prepare the Eurasia Group for the SEAN Economic Community (ACE) by 201 5 and has been a steadfast advocate of SEAN integration efforts as it urges business community to transcend a national mindset and embrace a regional outlook. Everyone can fly Eurasia continues to pave the way for low-cost air travel thru innovative solutions, efficient processes, and a passionate approach to business. With its tagging Now everyone can fly, it holds fast to its aim of making air travel truly accessible to not only the 600 million people in SEAN but also to the billions of people who together call SEAN, Northeast Asia, and South Asia home. 1)Never afraid to challenge the norm. A few years ago, people had to call a travel agent or airline operator to buy a flight ticket. Air Asia challenged the norm by riding on the e-commerce wave. It invested in user-friendly website interface and allows travelers to book and print flight ticket anytime and also introduce online check in services. This has proven to be enormously successful especially in engaging with toughen-Y customers. 2)Dare to Think Big and Serve the right Customer Air Asia business model has always been focusing in low cost operation and serving the mass market. They know their targeted customers well and do not directly compete with other premium airlines. 10 years ago traveling by air was a luxury. Air Asia was daring enough to think big and today, it is truly Everyone Can Fly.

Friday, February 21, 2020

The issue of how children should be treated in the tax system.and more Assignment

The issue of how children should be treated in the tax system.and more - Assignment Example The Canada Child Tax Benefit came to existence as a response to a commitment made by the parliament of Canada in the year 1989, to completely eliminate child poverty in Canada by the end of that millennium. For a person to qualify for this payment they must be living with and providing care to a child of bellow 18 year, must be Canadian residents, and must have a common-law partner or a spouse. This paper aims at discussing how children should be treated in the tax system. The first time Canada introduced financial assistance to families with children bellow the age of 18 was in the year 1945. This was made possible through the Family Allowance Act of 1944. In 1979 the monthly rate of family allowance was reduced from 25.68 dollars to 20.00 dollars. When income taxation was introduced in Canada in the year 1918, tax exemption was allowed for each child. The Canada Child Tax Benefit was introduced in the year 1992 and took effect in the year 1993. The Canada Child Tax Benefit aims pri marily at low income families with dependent children. The net effect of all these changes was that higher income families were treated the same way for tax purposes independent of the number of dependent children in the family (Hale, 2002). The Harper government reintroduced some modest tax breaks for higher income families with children, including tax credits for dependent children and childrenÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s fitness and arts credits. The Harper Government also introduced the Universal Child Care Benefit which pays $1200 per child as taxable income to parents. According to Robert M. Haig and Henry Simons income is defined as values of commodities and services that a citizen consume minus or plus any change in net worth in a given period of time. This definition of income is commonly known as Haig-Simons definition of income. In this contest both outflow and inflow of resources are taxable (Hale, 2002). Given that children bellow the age of 18 do not have any activities that generate inc ome but have activities that require resources it will be unfair if their consumptions are taxed equal to the grownups. When parents or guardians spend money on commodities and services that relate to the upbringing of their children, there is a certain amount of money that is taxed. This might make life harder for families with children, especially those with low income. This explains the necessity of the Canada Child Tax Benefit. The Canada Child Tax Benefit highly contributes to the horizontal equity in the Canadian tax system. Horizontal equity in taxation refers to equal taxation of individuals with the same amount of income. In a case where two people have equal gross income, people with children will be taxed more. This is because they always have to spend more as compared to the childless individual. The increased expenditure is because they have extra person to take care of. The Canada Child Tax Benefit creates equality by making sure that those with children get some tax r elief thus making their general taxation almost the same to that of people who do not have children (Hale, 2002). This makes sure that no income earner is subjected to unfair taxation. It also ensures that the low income earners have an easy time bringing up their children. The Canada Child Tax Benefit can also contribute to vertical equity in taxation. Vertical equity is a principle which states that citizens with higher income should always pay more taxes as compared to those with low

Wednesday, February 5, 2020

ITM301 SLP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ITM301 SLP - Essay Example Evidently the user-friendly structure and the dependability of the site are the major reasons why Wikipedia has become the highest ranking sites. Overall appeal Wikipedia is a professionally designed website for its simple whiteboard and well optimized content and images. The absence of promotional content also enhances its professional appeal. The article on Ã¢â‚¬Ëœdistance educationÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ published on the site can be taken as an example for its outstanding level of content and external link feasibility. At the same time, the well-bound internal linking structure also makes the specific article page and the entire site extraordinary. As in every case of Wikipedia articles, the Ã¢â‚¬Ëœdistance educationÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ also provides readers with hundreds of keywords and phrases which work as internal and external links for further research. Strengths of the site The website is rather interactive for it allows users to contribute to the content development and editing. Although it tends one to be skeptical of the reliability of the information, today inaccuracy is less likely to happen because of its strong self-control. The Wikipedia gives number of other options like contents, featured contents, current events, and random articles at the left hand side of the web pages which help users to trace required information quickly.

Tuesday, January 28, 2020

The Role Of Communicative Language Teaching

The Role Of Communicative Language Teaching Introduction Foreign languages play a very important role in our system of knowledge. They are not only an effective tool for us to exploit information to acquire scientific technology, to share experiences with or to learn experiences from others in specialized fields but also a useful means of improving peoples material and spiritual lives. In the sixteenth century English became known as a communication language for people around the world. Its popularity as a foreign language has been increasing since then and been developing into the second language of many countries (Richards and Rodgers, 2002). English is now the most popular foreign language in Vietnam and English competence is considered one of the most necessary characteristics for anyone who would like to integrate themslves into the global society and access the worlds knowlege to be sucessful in life. English gradually becoming the main communication language in parts of education, business, entertainment and culture exchanges with o ther cultures excitingly taking place in daily life in Vietnam require appropriate recognition of English speaking from Vietnamese learners, especially teachers and those who are working in education. Language teaching profession has experienced many changes and a number of different language teaching methods and approaches have been proposed and applied for the sake of teachers and learners benefits in their teaching and learning so far. However, which one is the most appropriate for teachers and their learners depending a lot in their teaching and learning context. Therefore, Communicative Language Teaching has been employed in most of Vietnamese classrooms, especially in PVMTC, for its advantages in improving the speaking skills though it is not the latest one. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND THE MAJOR TRENDS OF LANGUAGE TEACHING METHODS AND APPROACHES. Since the begining of the twentieth century, communication between people of different cultures in differrent parts of the world has became urgent request. Teaching and learning a foreign language became more and more popular. However, to teach a foreign language effectively requires a lot of effort from the teachers who have direct and significant impact on their students achievement which is controled by the methodology they choose to apply to their language teaching in different learning and teaching contexts. Understanding the importance of the matter , linguists and teachers themselves have been done a large number of studies on language teaching in order to find out and introduce more practical and effective language teaching methods and approaches that help teachers in performing well their job. The two recent centuries have witnessed ceaseless changes and innovation in language teaching in terms of teaching methods and approaches. These decide how the language is taught and what materials and activities are used in the classroom to help learners get the best achievement in their language learning. Thus, each approach shows its own view of the nature of the language and how the language is learnt. According to Richards and Rodgers (2002, p. 3), Latin was the dominant language of education, commerce, religion and government in the Western world until the sixteenth century when French, Italian and English gradually replaced it to become the languages of communication. However, the tremendous impact of Latin teaching and learning principles and procedures on the way of teaching and learning the newly emerging languages was still occuring until the nineteenth century. This language teaching method has been known as Grammar Translation Method (GMT). As the result, the language lessons occured mostly in students first language, heavily focused on grammar rules which were deductively taught to students in order to guide them to decoding written texts and producing correct writing in target languages (Prator Celce-Murcia, 1979). Translation activities with the assistant of billingual dictionaries were conducted to achieve the accuracy. Students were expected to memorize a number of w ords and their meanings and all grammar rules and then apply them to make sentences. They were also expected to read, comprehend literature and write sentences without errors. Listening skill and speaking skill were completely ignored (Larsen-Freeman, 1986) in GMT classrooms. However, the changes in the society at the time resulted in the change of learners goal of learning languages: learning languages to communicate. The Grammar Traditional Method then couldnt meet the requiement since it appeared to fail to equip learners with interaction and communication skills in the target language (Larsen-Freeman, 2000, p. 23). In 1880 Francois Gouin, a teacher of Latin in France introduced a famous book called Art of teaching and learning of languages to the public. His assumptions of how a foreign language could be taught together with those of Henry Sweet, an English philologist, came together on encouraging students to think in the target language in learning process (Nagaraj, 1996, p. 71-72). This shaped the early version of the Direct method, a revolution in foreign language teaching, which went against the current traditional one. The Direct Method (known as Natural Method) was first introduced in Germany and France and it was the strong response to the dra wbacks of the Grammar Translation Method. It then became popular in The United States in the late of nineteenth century. At the time, Lambert Sauveur, an extraordinary man and his colleage, Gottlied Henness, first applied object lesson technique to teach German and French in their classrooms and they enjoyed great success. Sauveur after that developed this teaching method to the one known as Natural Method and used it widely in his language schools (Howatt, 2004, p. 217). At the same time, Maximilian D Berlitz also used this teaching method in his language schools in the US but in another name: Berlitz Method. Basically, the Direct Method based on the assumption of using the target language to teach itself and that oral practice could help students assess the target language in terms of forms and meanings. It was also the advocacy for the natural language learning principles and teaching of oral skill. So all instructions in the classroom were in the target language. Pronunciation a nd speaking skill were strongly emphasized by conducting question-and-answer activities to motivate and encourage students in using the language confidently (Larsen-Freeman, 1986). Interaction between teacher and students in the target language was considerd a way to present it. Grammar, vocabulary and translation skills which were very important under the Grammar Translation method was now marginalized to guaratee the acquisition of oral proficiency because the proponents of the method had a strong belief that everyday vocabulary used in the classroom could be learnt effectively through visual presentations and that grammar rules could be worked out by students through the teachers inductive grammar teaching. By means of its innovation in language teaching, the Direct method, which negated the effectiveness of the Grammar Translation method, became the first and the most concerned language teaching method that marked the begining of the method era (Richards Rodgers, 2002, p. 14). However, apart from being a breakthrough in teaching interactive speaking skills, the Direct Method also showed its weaknesses in terms of applied linguistics which made the method not take well in public education where the constraints of budget, classroom size, time, and teacher background made such a method difficult to use (Brown, 1994, p. 54) or to Richards and Rodgers it was a dramatic alteration in language teaching which firmly focused on oral skill but lacked a systematic basic in applied linguistic theory and practice (2002, p. 38). In the 1920s and 1930s in Britain, British applied linguists led by Harole Palmer and A. S. Hornby exerted themselves to establish an approach called Oral Approach (or Situation Language Teaching) to language teaching based on more scientific foundation, in which sponken language was important, only general and useful vocabulary was introduced, grammar was graded strictly and all practice took place in situations. The approach also enjoyed the popularity in English for decades there and many textbooks and courses were designed under it principles (Richards and Rodgers, 2002, p. 36-41). Another method became known as the Army method fisrt and then Audio Lingual Method (ALM) as we know it now was a new creative trend in language teaching methodology in The US in the second World War. It was first applied in a special language training programs of Military of the United States. It was devised by an American linguist, Leonart Bloomfield for the servicemen who were going to work as translators, interpreters and quickly needed to have perfect communicative proficiency to perform their jobs in different parts of the world. The method was the combination of language teaching through intensive practice of speaking skills to develop communicative competence with the language learning method based on the disciplines of descriptive linguistics and behaviuor pychology (which considers language learning is a set of language). In this method, immitation, repetition, memorization and reinforcement were impressed within speaking practice with variety of drills. Limited vocabulary w as introduced. Grammar was important but was taught inductively and inexplicitly throughout the conversational dialogues that learners practised orally but no errors were accepted because according to them errors could become bad habits. It was Charles Fries, another American linguist advocating Audio Lingual Method applied the method widely in his English language center, who deserved credit for making this method popular in foreign language teaching in the United States particularly in the 1950s and 1960s (Wong, 2006) and the world. However, the effectiveness of Audio Lingual Method on oral proficiency got questioned in the 1960s. Many experiments were done and according to Scherer and Wertheimer (1964), this effectiveness was not significant. In the 1970s, the new method based on the wiew of language learning as active mental processes, which was advocated J.B. Carroll and K. Chastain in the 1960s, Cognitive-code-Method was born. As Carrol stated, this deductivist method was a modified, up- to-date grammar-translation theory (1966 cited in Stern, 1987, p. 469). It adopted generativist grammatial theory (Danesi, 2003) and focused on grammar structures and all four skills. Clear examples and grammar structure explanation to learners came first. Learners were then asked to pracise them in meaningful contexts. Despite the fact that the method did not win the teachers and linguists favour for long, it deserved merit in leaving contexttualized gramar tranning and the technique of Error Analysis to language teaching ( Danesi, 2003, p. 11). In the early 1980s, the Natural Approach was developed by Tracy Terrell and Stephen Krashen based on Krashens theory about second language acquisition. It looks at language as a set of messages which can be understood. Vocabulary and meaning are primary (Terrell Krashen, 1983 cited in Richards and Rodgers, 2002) and the principles for teaching a language are based on the five hypotheses in Krashens second language acquisition theory. The approach was widely welcomed in the US and around the world for its positive influence on forming more overall principles for effective language teaching that have been considered in the later approaches. In the 1970s, the need for communicative competence continued to increase in line with the changes of economic and political situation in Europe. But teachers and linguists did not satisfy with the current language teaching methods and approaches which were not effective in helping learners use the target language to interact or communicate in real life situations. Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) or Communicative Approach to the teaching of foreign languages then emerged as the answer to the problem. It has didfferent features from those of the other approaches since one of the most characteristic features of Communicative Language Teaching is that it pays basic attention to functional as well as structural aspects of language (Littlewood, 1992, p. 1). To serve communicative goal of language learning, the Communicative Approach is based on the premise that what we do in the classroom should have some real life communicative values or it looks at what people do with language and how they responde to what they hear (Flowerdew Miller, 2005, p. 12). Therefore, all activities used in a CLT classroom are appropriately designed based on these principles. Teachers measures language learnerssuccess by looking at their development in communicative competence which is implied in their making use of any means of communication, verbal or nonverbal, within the limited knowledge of the language they have to. To some extent, CLT makes use of presenting and practising speaking and listening in real life situations to help students complete tasks and build their fluency and confidence. The last approach I would like to mention is Task-Based Approach popularized by Prabhu. The method has attracted teachers and linguists in recent years. It impresses on using authentic language in real life, classrooms are managed to take place in real world communicative context in form of tasks and the tasks outcome, not the accuracy of language forms, is used to evaluate students progress and competence. The activities in the classroom mainly focus on speaking and students are required to be highly active and cooperative. The approach is rather new and not very familiar to teachers and students in some Southeast Asian countries. However, nobody who concerns linguistics negates its state of the art in the field and it is considered the development of CLT. ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING IN VIETNAM: STATE OF THE ART In the last twenty years, the demand for communicating between people of different cultures has pushed English to its recent status as a popular global language. English has become an official languge in Singarpore, India, the Philipines, Hongkong and a popular foreign language in most Asian nations for economic and political reasons. English teaching profession in the region, as the result, receives more concern of teachers, educators and linguists. In line with the current language teaching trends of the world, English language teaching in Asia has also been inspired by a more effective alternative, Communicative approach which emerged in the ash of less effective approachs and methods of language teaching that had big impact on English language learning and teaching for a long time. The wind of changes prevails and results in a lot of other changes related to English language teaching. Teachers have been encouraged to employ CLT in their English classrooms to improve students spea king skill. However, in some Asian countries of ESL where CLT and other later approaches have been imployed in English classrooms and claimed for some success whilst in Asian EFL classrooms whether CLT has been really applied or not, and if it has, how effective it has been, is still questioned. So, what has been the problems? In his study, Hird (1995, cited in Lewis McCook, 2002) stated that the differences in cultures led to the differences in interpreting CLT. The Asian traditionally appreciate the perfection such as acurracy in learning, CLT to their understanding, however, emphasizes more on fluency, appropriateness and spontaneity, not acurracy. Therefore, teachers as well as students were dubious about the effectiveness of CLT. A study of Musthafa Personal author, compiler, or editor name(s); click on any author to run a new search on that name. (2001, p. 1-10) on CLT in Indonesian argued that the communicative approach has failed to help students become any more competent in the use of the English language for real-life purposes. Or Manajitt (2008, p. 83-87) pointed out, although most of the Thai EFL school teachers in Bangkok were very intersted in CLT, learnt about it in many ways and had clear CLT conceptualization, their teaching and their students learning was still a combination between trad itional and communicative approach or still stayed traditional because of difficulties they faced while organizing a CLT classroom. In Vietnam, English became one of the subjects at school in 1987 after Vietnam started Doi Moi in 1986. English appeared in classrooms in some parts of the country. The course books at the time focused on reading skills and grammar and the Grammar Translation Method was applied widely in English teaching in Vietnam (Denham, 1992) beacause the new approaches and methods of teaching English did not reach the country yet and the teachers who were trained before 1986 felt most confident using it (Pham, 1999). Speaking skills were overlooked. Students had to work very hard with grammar rules to past the examinations. Teachers taught to test and students studied to do tests. In 1996, English proficiency at different levels was required to high chool and university students when they finished their study. English joined the rank of major subjects at education institutions. However, teacher-centred or teacher-fronted classrooms remained typical ones in Vietnam (Sullivan, 2000). Students cont inued with their rote learning in teacher-centred classrooms and the English teaching methods of the teachers in Vietnam in the late of 1990s were out-of-date (Kennett Knight,1999). The fact that teaching and learning English in Vietnam for over a dacade was staying the same. Yet the social demands for English for communication purposes were increasing because more and more activities in different fields needing poeple with good communicative English competence urgently required a significient change in language teaching profession. In an attempt to improve the quality of teaching and learning English especially the speaking skill, a movement to transform curriculum, text books, and teaching methodologies (Kim, 2001, p.140) was launched. Now, CLT has been announced to be the best choice to replace Grammar Translation approach in Vietnam. Teachers are annually invited to attend workshops about CLT. The new versions of English text books for students at secondary and high schools have replaced the old ones. The new text books, however, include more every day dialogues as the only evidence for the change since long reading texts and grammar exercies which promise to be the most in typical tests that students are going to take still predominent these books. As a result, speaking skills are skipped in class. Teachers spend most of the time on explaining grammar rules and translating reading texts to students. Students have to work with reading and grammar even harder than ever to survive the exams which mainly compri se long reading texts and extremely complicated grammar points. So, CLT although is officially prefered in Vietnam but whether it is really applied in classrooms to enhance students communitive competence or not is still a big question to anyone who has ever taught English in Vietnam. These lead to far-reaching consequence. At universities and colleges, Communicative course books are also chosen for students like the Lifelines set (Hutchinson, 2001), International Express set (Taylor Lane, 2007). The course books cover four macro skills. However, no oral or listening tests but reading and writing tests are carried out during the course. Inconsistencies between teaching and examinations lead to serious consequence like speaking skills are inorged in such these test-oriented tertiary EFL classrooms, students dont even have oppotunities to use the language verbally inside their classrooms because Vietnamese is used by teachers and students most of the time (Bui, 2006). Under these con ditions, students suffer from the failure in communicating or interacting. In terms of applying effectively new methods to teach English to students to help them use English communicatively, teachers fail to teach their students how to speak or listen but read and write in the target language. According to Pham (1999), there are socio-cultural factors against success in tertiary English language training programs in Vietnam. He emphasizes the fact that not only students but also teachers who lack ability of communicating in the target language get so scared to be in CLT classrooms where speaking skills are focused. The new method required both teachers and students really work actively in class. However, they got used to learning and teaching passively with Grammar Translation Method and they have to struggle to overcome their inherent passiveness, shyness, inferiority and fear to deal with the lesson in the new method. To these teachers and students, their English class put them in a state of panic. These have resulted in the quality of teaching speaking skills at university in Vietnam is still poor. And the explanation of the poor quality speaking teaching in English language tertiary education in Vietnam which results in a large number of graduates who have difficulty with communicating English (Bui, 2006) must take into account the concrete factors such as teachers and students conceptualization and practice of CLT, teachers ability and enthusiasm for their badly paid jobs, budget for language education, syllabus design, material and assessment which are the same in most developing countries (Gorlach, 1995). PetroVietnam Manpower Traning College (PVMTC) belongs to the system of vocational schools in Vietnam but mainly funded by Petrovietnam. For nearly fifteen years, the Streamlines set was used as the main course books and Grammar Translation Method was applied in teaching English in our college. But since 2007, we have replaced the course books with the Lifelines and International Express set. CLT has hardly received any warm welcome from the senior teachers beause they do not want to change the method that they have used for such a long time and as for them, they do not believe in the effectiveness of the new method and they even do not exactly know what CLT is and how to apply it. However, it has enjoyed the popularity among the younger teachers like me. We have been sent to have training courses on CLT together with our colleagues from other schools and colleges. We have excitingly discorvered it and applied or adapted it to our classes when we teach thousands of both types of stude nts studying English there: regular students and project students. Most of the students in PVMTC now are project students who are recent graduates or experienced technicians and engineers from different parts of Vietnam recruited to work for projects of Petrovietnam. They are paid to take a special intensive English course at PVMTC to improve their English skills, especially speaking skills, to perform their job together with foreign experts in their field at industrial facilities or in offices. They are highly motivated because they are given test of four skills and they are expected to achieve at least 650 marks on TOIEC when they finish the training course. They already took a placement test before doing the course and their English proficiency is Pre-intermediate. These are also advantages to us to apply CLT in these classrooms. International Express set is chosen for the course for its characteristics which support teachers and students a lot in conducting a communicative approach classroom. Inductive approach to grammar employed to guide stude nts to work out rules and usage which is usually a foreseen failure to many regular classes for regular students can be acceptable in these classes although both teachers and students have to work extremely hard when dealing with complicated grammar points and occasional failures are inevitable. Students are offered oppotunities speak, to discuss to complete all the task given by the teacher or to solve the problems emerging in the lessons. They are encouraged to use their own experiences, limited language they have learnt and appropriate learning strategies to deal with the English language in particular situations together in pair and group work activities. They are encouraged to keep speaking English with their classmates and teachers as much as they can without caring much about making mistakes when speaking. Authentic materials such as video clips or articles from the internet or newspapers, or any sourses relating to the topics of the lessons can be taken into the classroom to link the language they learn in the cousre book and those in real life. Although English is used by teachers and students most of the time in class, most of the students, especially more advanced and senior ones, generally appear to be successful and get progressed in their learning in terms of using the language communicatively, fluently and confidently. With regard to applying CLT in teaching English speaking effectively in these kinds of classrooms, we proudly claim that both the teachers and students in PVMTC have worked increadibly hard to make it success. We, however, confess our less successful outcome when applying CLT to most of the classes for regular students who are young adults at college and are being trained as workers to work for PetroVietnams subsidiaries. Most of them have been studying English for at least three years at high school but their English proficiency level is still beginner only. They are required to pass an English reading and writing test after finishing 90 hours of learning English in the first semester. Then they are offered a free optional 200 hour course of English to get the A level certificate as the education policy of PetroVietnam. The impacts of the different learning context on English teaching and learning are obvious in this situation. Therefore, as motivated language teachers, we have been doing our best to adapt the most appropriate teaching methods we have known to teach our students to get them improved and to these classrooms, an adapted combination of Audio Lingual Method and CLT has appear ed to be the most appropriate. To a large extent, CLT has enjoyed the popularity in PVMTC for proving itself a more effective method in teaching and learning English speaking skills in PVMTC context in this stage. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE DIRECTIONS In conclusion, language teaching profession has undergone great changes. Teaching approaches and methods ranging from Grammar Translation to Task-based were born in different stages in teachers, linguists tireless attempts to improve quality of teaching and learning languages. The later coming into the world does not completely exclude of the previous ones but it maintains the quintessence and condemns the drawbacks of them and contributes innovation to the field ensuring its appropriateness for teaching and learning contexts in a particular period. A number of studies have been done for centeries on teaching approaches and methods reflecting increasingly concerns about speaking skills and the recognition of the importance of the the skills in teaching, learning and using the target language. Improving the quality of teaching and learning English are the main chalenges facing Vietnam educators and government beacause it has been considered part of its social, economic and political development strategies. The first step as access to expected success has been made. In Vietnam, CLT has just really been popularized and used in English classrooms to ameliorate learners English competence. A lot of objective and subjective factors impacting on the effectiveness of this communicative method are still existing in Vietnam education system. So CLT will be the most appropriate one to use in the next years in Vietnamese teaching and learning context before trying to exploit the later ones. PVMTC have become aware of the neccessary of choosing and applying CLT in teaching English to acheive the proposed objective of any English courses to satisfy our students need, to prepare them for their future jobs by getting students involved in using English communicatively effectively, And as I mentioned early, we have enjoyed remarkable success but sometimes our teaching ends in falures. In spite of those, I believe that no teaching methos or approaches are perfect to all types of learners and that depending on object of the courses, as asthusiastic language teachers and if we are creative enough in teaching art, we will know how to adapt the methods we have known for use in each of our particular teaching and learning contexts and we will be successful in preparing our students with communicative competence.

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